Utility of Wrist-Wearable Data for Assessing Pain, Sleep, and Anxiety Outcomes After Traumatic Stress Exposure.

Importance: Adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae after traumatic stress exposure are common and have higher incidence among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Pain, depression, avoidance of trauma reminders, reexperiencing trauma, anxiety, hyperarousal, sleep disruption, and nightmares have been reported. Wrist-wearable devices with accelerometers capable of assessing 24-hour rest-activity characteristics are prevalent and may have utility in measuring these outcomes. Objective: To evaluate whether wrist-wearable devices can provide useful biomarkers for recovery after traumatic stress exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants: Data were analyzed from a diverse cohort of individuals seen in the emergency department after experiencing a traumatic stress exposure, as part of the Advancing Understanding of Recovery After Trauma (AURORA) study. Participants recruited from 27 emergency departments wore wrist-wearable devices for 8 weeks, beginning in the emergency department, and completed serial assessments of neuropsychiatric symptoms. A total of 19 019 patients were screened. Of these, 3040 patients met study criteria, provided informed consent, and completed baseline assessments. A total of 2021 provided data from wrist-wearable devices, completed the 8-week assessment, and were included in this analysis. The data were randomly divided into 2 equal parts (n = 1010) for biomarker identification and validation. Data were collected from September 2017 to January 2020, and data were analyzed from May 2020 to November 2022. Exposures: Participants were recruited for the study after experiencing a traumatic stress exposure (most commonly motor vehicle collision). Main Outcomes and Measures: Rest-activity characteristics were derived and validated from wrist-wearable devices associated with specific self-reported symptom domains at a point in time and changes in symptom severity over time. Results: Of 2021 included patients, 1257 (62.2%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 35.8 (13.0) years. Eight wrist-wearable device biomarkers for symptoms of adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae exceeded significance thresholds in the derivation cohort. One of these, reduced 24-hour activity variance, was associated with greater pain severity (r = -0.14; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.07). Changes in 6 rest-activity measures were associated with changes in pain over time, and changes in the number of transitions between sleep and wake over time were associated with changes in pain, sleep, and anxiety. Simple cutoffs for these biomarkers identified individuals with good recovery for pain (positive predictive value [PPV], 0.85; 95% CI, 0.82-0.88), sleep (PPV, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59-0.67, and anxiety (PPV, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.72-0.80) with high predictive value. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that wrist-wearable device biomarkers may have utility as screening tools for pain, sleep, and anxiety symptom outcomes after trauma exposure in high-risk populations.

Use of serial smartphone-based assessments to characterize diverse neuropsychiatric symptom trajectories in a large trauma survivor cohort.

The authors sought to characterize adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS) symptom trajectories across ten symptom domains (pain, depression, sleep, nightmares, avoidance, re-experiencing, anxiety, hyperarousal, somatic, and mental/fatigue symptoms) in a large, diverse, understudied sample of motor vehicle collision (MVC) survivors. More than two thousand MVC survivors were enrolled in the emergency department (ED) and completed a rotating battery of brief smartphone-based surveys over a 2-month period. Measurement models developed from survey item responses were used in latent growth curve/mixture modeling to characterize homogeneous symptom trajectories. Associations between individual trajectories and pre-trauma and peritraumatic characteristics and traditional outcomes were compared, along with associations within and between trajectories. APNS across all ten symptom domains were common in the first two months after trauma. Many risk factors and associations with high symptom burden trajectories were shared across domains. Both across and within traditional diagnostic boundaries, APNS trajectory intercepts, and slopes were substantially correlated. Across all domains, symptom severity in the immediate aftermath of trauma (trajectory intercepts) had the greatest influence on the outcome. An interactive data visualization tool was developed to allow readers to explore relationships of interest between individual characteristics, symptom trajectories, and traditional outcomes ( http://itr.med.unc.edu/aurora/parcoord/ ). Individuals presenting to the ED after MVC commonly experience a broad constellation of adverse posttraumatic symptoms. Many risk factors for diverse APNS are shared. Individuals diagnosed with a single traditional outcome should be screened for others. The utility of multidimensional categorizations that characterize individuals across traditional diagnostic domains should be explored.

Derivation and Validation of a Brief Emergency Department-Based Prediction Tool for Posttraumatic Stress After Motor Vehicle Collision.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To derive and initially validate a brief bedside clinical decision support tool that identifies emergency department (ED) patients at high risk of substantial, persistent posttraumatic stress symptoms after a motor vehicle collision. METHODS: Derivation (n=1,282, 19 ED sites) and validation (n=282, 11 separate ED sites) data were obtained from adults prospectively enrolled in the Advancing Understanding of RecOvery afteR traumA study who were discharged from the ED after motor vehicle collision-related trauma. The primary outcome was substantial posttraumatic stress symptoms at 3 months (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 ≥38). Logistic regression derivation models were evaluated for discriminative ability using the area under the curve and the accuracy of predicted risk probabilities (Brier score). Candidate posttraumatic stress predictors assessed in these models (n=265) spanned a range of sociodemographic, baseline health, peritraumatic, and mechanistic domains. The final model selection was based on performance and ease of administration. RESULTS: Significant 3-month posttraumatic stress symptoms were common in the derivation (27%) and validation (26%) cohort. The area under the curve and Brier score of the final 8-question tool were 0.82 and 0.14 in the derivation cohort and 0.76 and 0.17 in the validation cohort. CONCLUSION: This simple 8-question tool demonstrates promise to risk-stratify individuals with substantial posttraumatic stress symptoms who are discharged to home after a motor vehicle collision. Both external validation of this instrument, and work to further develop more accurate tools, are needed. Such tools might benefit public health by enabling the conduct of preventive intervention trials and assisting the growing number of EDs that provide services to trauma survivors aimed at promoting psychological recovery.

Investigating the causal effect of socioeconomic status on quality of care under a universal health insurance system - a marginal structural model approach.

BACKGROUND: Social disparities in healthcare persist in the US despite the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. We investigated the causal impact of socioeconomic status on the quality of care in a setting with minimal confounding bias from race, insurance type, and access to care. METHODS: We designed a retrospective population-based study with a random 25% sample of adult Taiwan population enrolled in Taiwan's National Health Insurance system from 2000 to 2016. Patient's income levels were categorized into low-income group (<25th percentile) and high-income group (≥25th percentile). We used marginal structural modeling analysis to calculate the odds of hospital admissions for 11 ambulatory care sensitive conditions identified by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the odds of having an Elixhauser comorbidity index greater than zero for low-income patients. RESULTS: Among 2,844,334 patients, those in lower-income group had 1.28 greater odds (95% CI 1.24-1.33) of experiencing preventable hospitalizations, and 1.04 greater odds (95% CI 1.03-1.05) of having a comorbid condition in comparison to high-income group. CONCLUSIONS: Income was shown to be a causal factor in a patient's health and a determinant of the quality of care received even with equitable access to care under a universal health insurance system. Policies focusing on addressing income as an important upstream causal determinant of health to provide support to patients in lower socioeconomic status will be effective in improving health outcomes for this vulnerable social stratum.

Impact of Cumulative Corticosteroid Dosage on Preventable Hospitalization among Taiwanese Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background: Corticosteroids are commonly prescribed for autoimmune conditions, but their impact on preventable hospitalization rates is unclear. This study sought to investigate the effect of corticosteroid use on hospitalization for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among Taiwanese patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using adults in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research database receiving a new diagnosis of AS (n = 40,747) or IBD (n = 4290) between January 2002 and June 2013. Our main outcome measure was odds of preventable hospitalization for eight ambulatory care-sensitive conditions defined by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Results: In the first quarter (three months) following diagnosis, corticosteroid usage was common among patients with AS and IBD (18.5% and 30%, respectively). For every 100 mg increase in corticosteroid dose per quarter, adjusted odds of preventable hospitalization in the following quarter increased by 5.5% for patients with AS (aOR = 1.055, 95% CI 1.037-1.074) and 6.4% for those with IBD (aOR = 1.064, 95% CI 1.046-1.082). Conclusions: Relatively low doses of corticosteroids significantly increase AS and IBD patients' short-term odds of hospitalization for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. As recommended by current clinical guidelines, physicians should use corticosteroids sparingly in these populations, and prioritize initiation/escalation of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for long-term management. If corticosteroids cannot be avoided, patients may require monitoring and/or prophylaxis for corticosteroid-associated comorbidities (e.g., diabetes) which can result in preventable hospitalizations.

Risk Factors for Undergoing Elective Abdominal Contouring Surgery Shortly After Hospitalization.

BACKGROUND: Having posthospital syndrome (PHS) at the time of an elective surgery increases the risk of postoperative adverse outcomes. The purpose of this article was to identify incidence and risk factors for having PHS at the time of abdominal contouring surgeries. METHODS: Insurance claims from the Truven MarketScan Databases were used to identify patients who underwent outpatient abdominoplasty, liposuction, or panniculectomy between April 2010 and August 2015. Patients were presumed to have PHS if they were hospitalized within 90 d before surgery. Incidence rates of having PHS were calculated for patient groups defined by demographic data and comorbidities. Statistical inference based on adjusted odds ratios was used to evaluate the association of potential risk factors with PHS. A nonparametric regression method was used to demonstrate nonlinear effects of patient covariates on the risk of PHS. RESULTS: This study included 18,947 patients who underwent abdominal contouring; 77% were female, and the mean age was 48.7 y (SD = 14.7). Six percent (n = 1045) of patients had PHS at the time of surgery. A significantly stronger association with PHS (P < 0.001) was observed in patients with deep venous thrombosis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.56), Elixhauser score > 8 (3.28), and smokers (2.16). Age was found to have a piecewise linear effect on PHS, with odds increasing by 2.1% per year over the age of 45 y. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients have an increased risk of undergoing abdominal contouring surgery in a deconditioned state. Screening at-risk populations for PHS would help identify patients who need rehabilitation before operative intervention.

Effect of Posthospital Syndrome on Health Care Utilization After Abdominal Contouring Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Posthospital syndrome (PHS) is a transient condition after acute hospitalizations when patients are physiologically deconditioned. The objective of this study was to determine if having PHS at the time of abdominal contouring surgery increased the incidence of postoperative adverse medical events. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the MarketScan Databases who underwent outpatient functional or cosmetic abdominal contouring surgery (ie, abdominoplasty, liposuction, or panniculectomy) from April 2010 to August 2015. Patients were separated into 2 groups based upon PHS exposure, defined by hospitalization within 90 days before surgery. Differential health care utilization within 30 days after surgery was compared between cohorts. RESULTS: Among the 18,947 patients included in the final cohort, 1045 patients (6%) had PHS at the time of abdominal contouring surgery. Patients with PHS experienced more emergency department visits (0.16 vs 0.08 visits; adjusted odds ratio, 1.60; P < 0.001) and more episodes of hospitalization (0.11 vs 0.04 episodes; adjusted odds ratio, 1.70; P < 0.001) within 30 days postoperatively. The mean unadjusted health care utilization after abdominal contouring surgery for patients with PHS was US $7888 (SD, 17,659) versus US $2943 (SD, 9096) in patients without PHS. After controlling for confounders, such as comorbidity burden, PHS was associated with US $3944 greater cost than patients without PHS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients undergoing outpatient abdominal contouring surgery, having PHS increased the incidence of adverse medical events requiring medical attention in the 30-day postoperative period. These findings support the inclusion of PHS in preoperative evaluation and preparation for patients seeking abdominal contouring surgery.

Effect of Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Colder Outdoor Temperatures on High-Density Lipoprotein Function.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution and environmental temperatures influence cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent evidence suggests that several air pollutants can promote dyslipidemia; however, the impact of ambient PM2.5 and temperature on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function remains unclear. We hypothesized that daily exposures to higher levels of ambient PM2.5 and colder outdoor temperatures would impair HDL functionality. Lipoproteins, serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), and HDL oxidation markers were measured twice in 50 healthy adults (age 32.1 ± 9.6 years) living in southeast Michigan and associated with ambient and personal-level exposures using mixed models. Although previous 7-day mean outdoor temperature (4.4 ± 9.8°C) and PM2.5 levels (9.1 ± 1.8 µg/m3) were low, higher ambient PM2.5 exposures (per 10 µg/m3) were associated with significant increases in the total cholesterol-to-HDL-C ratio (rolling average lag days 1 and 2) as well as reductions in CEC by -1.93% (lag day 5, p = 0.022) and -1.62% (lag day 6, p = 0.032). Colder outdoor temperatures (per 10°C) were also associated with decreases in CEC from -0.62 to -0.63% (rolling average lag days 5 and 7, p = 0.027 and 0.028). Previous 24-hour personal-level PM2.5 and temperature exposures did not impact outcomes, nor were any exposures associated with changes in HDL-oxidation metrics. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that ambient PM2.5 (even at low levels) and outdoor temperatures may influence serum CEC, a critical antiatherosclerotic HDL function.

Short-Term Blood Pressure Responses to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposures at the Extremes of Global Air Pollution Concentrations.

BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution is a leading cause of global cardiovascular mortality. A key mechanism may be PM2.5-induced blood pressure (BP) elevations. Whether consistent prohypertensive responses persist across the breadth of worldwide pollution concentrations has never been investigated. METHODS: We evaluated the hemodynamic impact of short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in harmonized studies of healthy normotensive adults (4 BP measurements per participant) living in both a highly polluted (Beijing) and clean (Michigan) location. RESULTS: Prior 7-day outdoor-ambient and 24-hour personal-level PM2.5 concentration averages were much higher in Beijing (86.7 ± 52.1 and 52.4 ± 79.2 µg/m3) compared to Michigan (9.1 ± 1.8 and 12.2 ± 17.0 µg/m3). In Beijing (n = 73), increased outdoor-ambient exposures (per 10 µg/m3) during the prior 1-7 days were associated with significant elevations in diastolic BP (0.15-0.17 mm Hg). In overweight adults (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), significant increases in both systolic (0.34-0.44 mm Hg) and diastolic (0.22-0.66 mm Hg) BP levels were observed. Prior 24-hour personal-level exposures also significantly increased BP (0.41/0.61 mm Hg) in overweight participants. Conversely, low PM2.5 concentrations in Michigan (n = 50), on average within Air Quality Guidelines, were not associated with BP elevations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that short-term exposures to ambient PM2.5 in a highly polluted environment can promote elevations in BP even among healthy adults. The fact that no adverse hemodynamic responses were observed in a clean location supports the key public health importance of international efforts to improve air quality as part of the global battle against hypertension.

Personal-level exposure to environmental temperature is a superior predictor of endothelial-dependent vasodilatation than outdoor-ambient level.

Environmental temperatures influence cardiovascular physiology. However, the majority of time is spent indoors, making outdoor-ambient temperatures inaccurate estimates of true exposures encountered by most individuals. We evaluated in 50 healthy adults the associations between previous 7-day outdoor-ambient (four occasions) and prior 24-hour personal-level (two occasions) environmental temperature exposures with blood pressure, heart rate variability, sleep parameters, and endothelial-dependent vasodilatation (brachial flow-mediated dilatation [FMD]) using generalized estimating equations. Participants (34 females; age, 32.1 ± 9.6 years) had normal blood pressures (107.8 ± 13.3/70.2 ± 9.4 mm Hg), FMD (7.4 ± 2.8%), as well as sleep and heart rate variability parameters. Mean 7-day outdoor-ambient (4.6 ± 9.7°C) differed from personal-level temperature exposures (22.0 ± 3.0°C). Colder outdoor-ambient temperatures (per -10°C) over the previous 1-6 days (rolling averages) were associated with decreases in FMD: -0.57% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.14% to 0.01%, P = .055) to -0.62% (95% CI: -1.07% to -0.18%, P = .006). However, a 10°C decrease in personal-level temperature during the prior 24 hours was associated with a greater decrement in FMD: -2.44% (95% CI: -4.74% to -0.13%, P = .038). Both were also linearly related to FMD during all seasons and without a threshold temperature. Other end points were not significantly related to either temperature level in this study. Short-term exposures to colder environmental temperatures reduced endothelial-dependent vasodilatation, supporting the epidemiologic associations with heightened cardiovascular risk. We show here for the first time that temperature exposures characterized at the personal level may be more robust predictors of endothelial function than outdoor-ambient levels.